National Aeronautics and Space Administration（NASA）：impact of engineering profession on，62-63；risks in organizational culture and，104；space shuttle program，203-4；task definition at，62-63
U.S.Post Office，36；see also United States Postal Service
Civil Aeronautics Board（CAB），76，79，87
Micromanagement，241-44，366-67
Germany，Federal Republic of，297
Stereotypes about government agencies，114-15
FDA，see Food and Drug Administration
National Security Council（NSC），264，272-73
Disability Insurance（DI），100
Sweden：deference to authority in，303-4；enforcement system in，295-96，298；rule-based governance and，335
Client politics，11，18，76，78，208
Corrections Corporation of America（CCA），360
OSHA，see Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Standing，doctrine of，280-81，286
Food stamp program，108-9，180，182，355
President's Special Review Board，see Tower Commission
Influence-peddling，242
Agency types，28，158-71；see also Coping agency；Craft agency；Procedural agency；Production agency
Racism，see Discrimination；Equity
Personnel system，139-46，372；bureaucratization versus professionalization and，149-53；change in，146-48；classification in，142-43；congressional control and，238-40；dismissals and，145-46；managers and，137-39，147；merit system and，139-42，143-45；resistance to change in，148；see also Civil Service system
Immigration and Naturalization Service（INS），158
Sierra Club，281
Bureaucrat，definition of，60
Peer expectations，45-48
Electric utilities，193-94，350-51
Organization：of armies，14-18；defined，24；denial of importance of，23-24；versus organizational structure，24；of prisons，18-21；of schools，21-23；system of coordination and，24-25
Task performance：attitudes and，50-55，67-68；control of shirking and，155-57；earnings and，117-18；evaluation of，117-18；merit-pay system and，143-45；see also Evaluation；Incentives；Outcomes
Public Citizen，289-90
1-2-3 Rule，333-34，336
New York Post Authority，203
BNDD，see Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
GATB，see General Aptitude Test Battery
Memoranda of understanding（MOUs），260
Personality，92-93；see also Bureaucratic personality
Blitzkrieg，15，222
EPA，see Environmental Protection Agency
FBN，see Federal Bureau of Narcotics
Military services：autonomy of secretary of defense and，179-80；disadvantages of communication for，228-29；equity in duty assignments and，171-73；national culture and，302；organizational cultures of，105-6；as procedural organization，163；promotion in，321-22；task definition in，58-59；unification of，185-88；see also Armies；Joint Chiefs of Staff；Pentagon；U.S.Air Force；U.S.Army；U.S.Navy
Federal Communications Commission（FCC），76，329-30，339
Weather Service，199
Retired persons，35
Legislative oversight，see Congressional control
Great Britain，see United Kingdom
Packard Commission，320
Prior experience，and task definition，55-59，73-74
Forest Service，199；leadership at，201；management system at，166-67；organizational mission in，96-97，107；task definition and，63，64，65
Civil Service Reform Act（CSRA），143，146
Interest group agency，see Client agency
Federal Bureau of Narcotics（FBN），265；see also Drug Enforcement Administration
Health hazards，tasks at OSHA and，42-43
SOPs，see Standard operating procedures
IEP，see Individualized Education Program
Craft agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，245-48；management of，165-68；presidential control and，275；prevention of abuses in，175；professional standards and，175；sense of mission and，175；task definition in，367；type of executive in，201
Hiring practices：internal promotion and，140，141；merit and，139-42；Schedule B appointments，141；1988 selection procedure，142；veteran's preference in，140；see also Personnel system
Small group cohesion，46-47
Food and Drug Administration（FDA）：congressional control and，245-46；political criticism of，85；rules and，340-41；task definition at，80-81
National Security Act of 1947，272
“Performance ambiguity，” 174
CSRA，see Civil Service Reform Act Culture，302；see also National culture；Organizational culture
World War Ⅱ：coordination of economy and military procurement in，270；German military success in，3-6，14-18，229；military doctrinal changes after，218-20，222-23；mission-jurisdiction match and，188
GAO，see General Accounting Office
Japan，297，307-8，311
Senior Executive Service（SES），143，261
Covert operations，see under Central Intelligence Agency
Behavior，see Task performance
Constituencies：bure99lib•netaucrats as，119；control of factors of production and，125，214-15；division of，and autonomy，191；increased court control and，282；influence of，125，131-32，214-15；as source of executive power，202-5
SES，see Senior Executive Service
Airline industry，deregulation of，87
Schools：as coping organizations，224-25；court intervention and，281-82；decentralization，372-73；differences between good and bad，9-10；innovation and，224；management by rule and，338-39；operation of，366；organization of，21-23；see also Education；Teachers
FAA，see Federal Aviation Administration
Procedural agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative oversight of，252；management of，163-64；marketlike arrangements and，364；presidential control and，275；surveillance and，174-75；task definition in，367；type of executive in，201-2
Patronage system，239；see also Civil Service system；Political executive
Media，and capture，88
General Accounting Office（GAO），35-36，203，259，318-19
Iran-Contra affair，272-73
Local government officials，top-down innovation by，229-30
Legal Services Corporation，274-75
Office of Management and Budget（OMB），120，259，264；Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs in，129
Political constraints，35，44，120-22
“Code fetish，” 309
Production agency，top-down view and，11
Europe，see also specific countries；contextual goals and，130-31；problems of administration and，376-77；rule-based governance and，335；see also Parliamentary regimes
Freedom of Information Act（FOIA），129-30
People's Republic of China，347
Lawyers，60，61，284-85
Bureaucracy：American regime and，376-78；Japan and，308；in Latin America，309-10；response of，to presidential control，274-76
Public versus private agencies：complexities of doing business with，120-22；compliance in，359；coping organizations and，169；efficiency and，349-53；equity and，316；facilities at，118-19；fiscal integrity in，316；labor costs for，351；management and，113-15，134-36；monetary incentives and 116-20；number of managers in，133；organization maintenance a 196-97；quality of service and，113-15；regulation of，193-94；see also Privatization
Presidents：appointments made by，260-62；bureaucratic support of，275；coordination by，272；influence of，on FTC，255-56；management of agencies and，262-64；micromanagement by，367；power of，and Congress，258-60；response of bureaucracy to control by，274-76
IHHC，see New York Interdepartmental Health and Hospital Council
Voting，54
FOIA，see Freedom of Information Act
Rule of Unanimity，269
Identity，see Mission，sense of
Research agencies，195
Power：of attitudes，50-51；of Congress over bureaucracy，235-41；enhancement of，by change，228-30；of executives，204-5；judicial preference and，284-86；limitation of，335-36；as uncertainty，330
USAF，see U.S.Air Force
“Sunshine” act of 1976，130
Cambridge，Massachusetts，361
National Science Foundation（NSF），80
Mental health professionals，286
NASA，see National Aeronautics and Space Administration
“Follow-on imperative，” 324-25
Scandal，and task definition，80-81
SCRAP case，279，280，281
Organizational culture：agencies with multiple cultures，105-7；as concept，91-93；court awareness of，293-94；executives and，370-72；external constraints and，36；learned vulnerabilities and，129；resistance to new tasks and，107-9；selective attention and，101-5；situational imperatives and，42；at SSA，35-36；at the State Department，42；see also Mission，sense of
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement（OSM），67
Courts：access to，and capture，85-86；consequences of intervention by，282-90；effective decisions by，291-92；judges versus bureaucrats and，290-94；national differences in power of，301-2；in parliamentary system，298；relationship of federal agencies to，277-81，282；relationship of local agencies to，281-82；see also Litigation
Stretch-out，323
General goal，defined，34n
Mission-jurisdiction match，187-88，192；see also Autonomy
Education for All Handicapped Children Act，338-39
Variance procedure，287-88
Vouchers，355-57，361，362，375
NLRB，see National Labor Relations Board
Justice，versus arbitrary rule，326-331；see also Equity；Fairness
U.S.Department of State：Agency for International Development，180；change at，225；under Kissinger，262；management of embassy construction and security，183-84；Moscow Embassy staff and，12；organizational culture of，90-91，93-95；privatization and，358；situational imperatives in task definition at，40-42；United States Information Agency and，180
Interest groups：congressional influence over agencies and，242；discretion by regulatory agencies and，329-31；entrepreneurial politics and，77-78；in Europe，299；redistribution of access and，84-86；see also Client politics；Public interest groups
Values，69
Office of Economic Opportunity（OEO），180，274-75
Resource dependence，181n
Office of Legislative Affairs，260
Policy making：executive influence on，205-9；judge's role in，286-90，292-93；national differences in，299-300
Pentagon，118，209-10；see also Joint Chiefs of Staff；Military services
Defense contracting，324-25，357；see also Military procurement
Trench warfare，14-15，43
Cost-of-living adjustment（COLA），238-39
Office of War Mobilization（OWM），271
Revenues，and incentives，116-20
Joint Chiefs of Staff，186，188，192-93
（以下页码为原书页码，即本书页边码；n表示注释）
Adversarial perspective，297，299，305
Coordination，see Interagency coordination
National Bureau of Standards，199
Majoritarian agency，82-83，250
Tenure of commissioners，as limit on congressional control，238，239，240
Civil Service system：as limit on congressional power，238，239，240；PACE test and，139；preferential treatment and，140，200；presidents and，257-58；see also Office of Personnel Management；Personnel system
Informality，288，302，305-7
Separation of powers，376-78
Secrecy，and national differences，300-1
FNS，see Food and Nutrition Service
Economists：“Chicago School，” 232，255；congressional oversight and，255；deregulation of airline industry and，87；FTC and，60，61，255；judicial empowerment of，285；organization of bureaucracies and，23；task definition for，60，61
Political executive：budget cutting and，215；relationships and，199；selection of，197-99；Washington careers of，216
AIDS，271n，341
Legislation：constraining agency actions，240-41；control of entrepreneurial politics and，249-50；limiting congressional power，238-41；task definition and，59，73；see also Congress；Rules；Statutes
General Motors，134-35
OEO，see Office of Economic Opportunity
Program manager，320-23
Reorganization，186；of army，218-20；autonomy and，180；failure of，11 12；in HEW，212-13；presidents and，264-68；top-down view of bureaucracies and，265；see also Military services，unification of
Western Electric Company，Hawthorne plant，48
Volunteers in Service to America（VISTA），180
NRO，see National Reconnaissance Office
OFCC，see Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
U.S.Department of Treasury，275-76
National Academy of Public Administration（NAPA），264，369
New York Interdepartmental Health and Hospital Council（IHHC），269，270
NTE，see National Teacher Examinations
Production，factors of，see Factors of production；Resources
ETA，see Employment and Training Administration
Internal Revenue Service（IRS），160，161，174
Coleman Report，9-10
Competition：efficiency and，352-53；Postal Service and，125-26
EDF，see Environmental Defense Fund
Costs：of elimination of waste，323-24；judicialization of agency discretion and，282-84
Public interest groups，287-88，289-90；see also Interest groups
OPM，see Office of Personnel Management
Problems：arbitrary rule and，326-31，332；of inefficiency，317-25，331-32；privatization as solution to，346-64
Mission，sense of：advantages of，109-10；agency types and，158-71；autonomy and，182；autonomy in armed services and，187-88；benefits of，101；as challenge to managers，173-74；competing goals and，158；contract officers and，322-23；costs of，110；as incentive，157-58；loss of，110；organizational culture and，26，27；professional culture and，65；resistance to innovation and，222；resistance to regulation and，194；role of executive and，95-101，371；tasks related to，190；tasks unrelated to，371-72；as term，95；see also Organizational culture
Bureau of Health and Planning，214-15
Urban Mass Transportation Administration（UMTA），214-15，285
RIF，see Reduction in Force
Park Service，63-64，65
National Endowment for the Humanities（NEH），213
Incentives：attitudes and，51；behavior of operators and，88；behavior of professionals and，60；for compliance with standards，287-88；efficiency and，321-23，349；for government versus private executives，197；information-gathering and transmitting processes and，228-29；innovation and，221；military procurement and，321-23；monetary benefits and，116-20，157；nonmaterial，157-58，174；operation of agencies and，366；for operator involvement in change，231-32；for regulatory negotiation，284n；task definition and，49；see also Peer expectations；Situational imperatives
Military bases，241，251
Brazil，310
Narcotics law enforcement，see Drug enforcement
Authority：decentralization of，372；imposition of efficient procedures and，349-50；national differences in organization of，297-301；national differences in response to，303-5；privatization and，348-49，359-60；of state，348-49；see also Discretionary authority
Rules，333-45；in business versus government agencies，114；congressional micromanagement by，242-44；consequences of，338-39；delivery of public services and，363；difficulty of adopting，232；discretion and，327-29，334-36；gains versus losses from，342-45；governing procurement，126-28；impermissible outcomes and，339-42；industry-wide，207-8；opportunity for access and，377；as political，121；tasks and，336-39；see also Regulation；Standard operating procedures
Rewards，see Incentives
World War Ⅰ tactics，14-15，43
“Homeporting，” 251-52
Corporatism，311
Auftragstatik，16-17，26
Interstate Commerce Commission（ICC），78，87，279
Organized crime，180，182-83
Statutes：embodying contextual goals，129-30；guidance from，in task definition，71；see also Congress；Legislation
Pennsylvania，special education in，284-85
Implementation，national differences in，299-301
Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority（Metro），103
“Strategic governance，” 213
SEC，see Securities and Exchange Commission
OCR，see Office for Civil Rights
Key West Accords，186-87
Fair Labor Standards Act，165n
U.S.Department of Health，Education，and Welfare（HEW）：advocate role of executive at，210-11；budget-cutting in，214；Bureau of Drug Abuse Control and，180；effect of reorganization and，267-68；Food and Nutrition Service（FNS）and，180；performance evaluation in，117；see also Welfare offices
Congress：autonomy of USPS and，124；blame-shifting by，246n；committee reports as agency “guidance” and，243；conflicts among committees in，256；constituency demands and，174；decentralization in，85；executive branch power over agencies and，258-60；House and Senate Select Committees on Intelligence，259-60；means of exercising influence，237-41；micromanagement by，241-44，366-67；nationalized versus geographic representation in，242；presidential control of agencies and，258-60，274-75；reorganization and，268；suits against agencies and，281；watchdog role of，85；see also Congressional control
Attitudes：beliefs about power of，50-51；reｗｗｗ.９９ｌiｂ•ｎetstraint on capture and，86-88；and task performance，50-55，67-68
Foundations，83-84
Office of Presidential Personnel，261
Federal Maritime Administration，248
General Aptitude Test Battery（GATE），140
Programs versus projects，190
New Industrial State，The（Galbraith），134
Red tape，121，142；see also Paperwork Rules；Standard operating procedures
Judges，versus bureaucrats，290-94
Funeral Industry Practice Rule，82-83
Civil Rights Commission，as client agency，80
NEPA，see National Environmental Policy Act
National differences，295-312
Tactics，see Strategy；Technology
Mental hospitals，39，350
National Resources Defense Council（NRDC），287-88
McDonald's fast-food restaurant，113-14，135
Litigation，and development of regulations，282-83，284-85
Water Pollution Control Act of 1972，342
Magnuson-Moss Act，249
Campaign finance laws，85
Supply Priorities and Allocations Board，271
Drug Enforcement Administration（DEA），180；goals at，11，12；reorganization and，265-67；task definition at，47-48
Office of Personnel Management（OPM），120，140，147，148，214-15
EPB，see Economic Policy Board
Factors of production，allocation of，120-29；see also Resources
Bureau of the Budget，258，259；see also Office of Management and Budget（OMB）
China Lake experiment，see under U.S.Navy
National Endowment for the Arts（NEA），203
Group values，307-8
U.S.Department of Labor，165-66，215-16；Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs，193
Fire protection，public versus private，350
NEH，see National Endowment for the Humanities
Leadership，see Executives；Managers；Presidents
London，England，22-23
Social Security Administration（SSA）：conflicts in goals of，35；cost-of-living adjustment and，238-39；efficient outcomes at，160；facilities of，118；legislative domination of，244，253；management by rule and，336；means-test programs and，100-1；organizational mission at，99-101，160；problems in，368；as procedural agency，244；as production agency，244；task definition at，34-36
USPS，see United States Postal Service
Budget cutting，214-15
War Production Board（WPA），271
Ideology：in presidential appointments，261-62；social status versus agency affiliation and，68；task definition and，65-68；see also Attitudes
NSC，see National Security Council
France：cultural attitudes in，305-6；enforcement system in，297；French Revolution，335；German WWII military success and，4-6；organizational culture in，302；politics in，298；rule-based governance and，335
Trash collection，350
Juvenile delinquents，and public versus private agencies，132
Labor costs，for public versus private services，351
ASV，see Arbetarskyddsverket（Sweden）
Mining，47
AAF，see Army Air Force
Investigative agencies，166；see also Federal Bureau of Investigation
Tennessee Valley Authority（TVA），12；“grass-roots democracy” and，184；interest groups in task definition at，72-74；organizational culture at，95；professionalism at，87；regulation of，194；selective attention to tasks at，103；surplus revenues and，116
U.S.Department of Agriculture：Food and Nutrition Service（FNS），180；food stamp program，108-9，180，182，355；national forests and，184
Environmental issues，130，131
Professionalism：craft organizations and，167-68；personnel system and，149-53；procedural organizations and，163-64；task definition and，59-65，74
Innovation：in army doctrine，218-20，222-23；defined，222；desirable top-down changes and，230-31；environmental change and，225；executives and，28，227-32；organizational resistance to，221-26；risk of top-down change and，228-30；role of subordinates in，230-32；task definition and，221-26
Securities and Exchange Commission（SEC），330-31
IRS，see Internal Revenue Service Italy，298
Special Representative for Trade Negotiations，260
Individualized Education Program（IEP），338-39
Latin America，309-10，311
Production agencies：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，244，248；management of，159-63；police departments as，170-71；presidential control and，275；rules and，336-37；task definition in，367；type of executive in，200-1
Employment and Training Administration（ETA），214-15
Coalition-building，251-53
RFPs，see Requests for proposals
Disabled persons，35
Housing inspectors，193
Imprinting，96
WPA，see War Production Board
National Reconnaissance Office（NRO），189
Shell Oil Company，194
California：Lakewood Plan，352-53；prison system，8
ICBMs，see Intercontinental ballistic missiles
U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development（HUD）：congressional control and，275，276；voucher program and，356-57，see also Housing inspectors
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration（NHTSA）：change at，232；entrepreneurial politics，77；impact of engineering profession on，61-62，64；industry-wide rule making and，250；task definition at，61-62；unpopular policies of，235
Procurement：constraints on，121-22，126-27，240-41；in public versus private institutions，321；special treatment for minorities and，354；see also Military procurement
Metro，see Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Juridicial democracy，335
AFDC，see Aid to Families with Dependent Children
Outcomes，131；assessment of，373-75；contextual goals and constraints and，168；craft agencies and，165-66；field experiments and，373-75；focus on measurable，161-62；impermissible，339-42；observability of，and rules，342-43；at production agencies，160；production agencies and，160，162-63；types of agencies and，158-59；unknown，and SOPs，375；see also Evaluation；Task performance
U.S.Department of Justice，Antitrust Division，84
Privatization：accountability and，348，357-59；efficiency and，350-53；historical examples of，346-47；public services and，373；see also Public versus private agencies
Entrepreneurial politics，77-78，80，208
HUD，see U.S.Department of Housing and Urban Development
U.S.Navy，186；carrier task force in，226；China Lake Demonstration Project，138，146-48，372；coalition-building by，251-52；control over nuclear power and，184-85；interservice coordination and，58-59；Naval Ocean Systems Center（NOSC），137-38；organizational cultures of，106
Thematic Apperception Test（TAT），69-70
Requests for proposals（RFPs），122
CPD，see Community Planning and Development Program
Building tender system，20
AJ，see Administrative judge
National Teacher Examinations（NTE），152
Managers：concern with process versus outcomes and，131；constraints on，113-36；evaluation systems for hiring of，139-42；incentives for operator compliance and，154-75；input focus of，126，127-29；number of，in public versus pri九-九-藏-书-网vate agencies，133；performance-based compensation and，143-45；personnel system and，137-53；risk aversion in，132-33；role of subordinates in innovation and，230-32；styles of management and，173-74
Critical task，see Core task；Task definition
TVA，see Tennessee Valley Authority
“Iron Law of Emulation，” 259-60
SSA，see Social Security Administration
Ground-launched cruise missiles（GLCM），226
Military procurement：bottom line on，325；decentralization of authority and，372；incentives and，321-23；new technology and，224；program manager and，320-23；social goals and，324；task definition and，320-21；waste and，319-20
Core task，25-26，44；cost of changing，232；definition of，224-26；resistance to innovation and，223-24；see also Task definition
Management：deregulation of，369-70；effects of court intervention on，282-90；political constraints and，27-28；president's influence on，262-64，272；by White House staff，272-74
Deregulation of government，369
United Kingdom：civil service in，257-58；deferential culture in，304-5；Official Secrets Act，301；politics in，297-98；power of parliament in，237-38；regulation in，296-97
DoD，see U.S.Department of Defense Drug enforcement：FBI and，108，180，182-83，189，267；reorganization of，12，265-67
Human factors，and task definition，62-63
Social goal，see Contextual goal
Commodity Credit Corporation，77
Administrative Procedure Act（APA），2，82，129
NEA，see National Endowment for the Arts
“Regneg，” 284n
OSM，see Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
United States Postal Service（USPS）：constraints on function of，122-29；efficient outcomes at，160；employee performance evaluation in，155-56；Origin and Destination Information System（ODIS）at，156，162；as production agency，201
Political control，kinds of，236-37
FMC，see Federal Maritime Commission
Office of Strategic Services（OSS），57-58，189-90
Uncertainty，as power，330
Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs（BNDD），225，265；see also Drug Enforcement Administration
Formality，national differences in，305-7
Watchdog organizations，85
NRDC，see National Resources Defense Council
Redundancy，as useful，274
Bureaucrat-bashing，368
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission（EEOC），145
Infiltration warfare，15
Patrimonial rule，309-10
ROAD，see Reorganization Objectives Army Division
OMB，see Office of Management and Budget
German army of 1940，3-6，14-18，229
Pension law，216
Flexibility，302，368
Netherlands，The，362
Advocacy，as executive strategy，209-11
CBO，see Congressional Budget Office
Supplemental Security Income（SSI），100，206
VISTA，see Volunteers in Service to America
Army Air Force（AAF），185-96；see also U.S.Air Force
War Resources Board，270
Community Planning and Development Program（CPD），214-15
Clean Air Act of 1970，281，287，288
Parliamentary regimes：bureaucracy and，378；enforcement of regulation in，297-301；problems of administration and，376-77
SSI，see Supplemental Security Income
State employment agency，161，165-66
Correctional institutions，see Prison system
Merit Systems Protection Board（MSPB），120，145-46
Environmental Protection Agency（EPA）：administration of，85；compliance by government agencies and，194；congressional imposition of standards on，246；court intervention and，281，283-84，287-88；empowerment of professionals in，284；industry-wide rules and，250；leadership of，213；policy on deterioration of air quality，288-89；pollution reduction and，13；public-interest groups and，84；regulation negotiation and，283-84；rules and，342；state implementation plans（SIPs），287-88
Counterintelligence（CI），see under Central Intelligence Agency
Military strategy，see German army of 1940
Negotiation，as executive strategy，215-16
Goals：of Congress，and quasi-autonomous agencies，125；critical task of organization and，25-26；primary versus contextual，129；public versus private management and，10-11；top-down versus bottom-up perspective and，11-12；vagueness of，32-33；see also Contextual goal；General goal；Operational goal
OWM，see Office of War Mobilization
Grace Commission，318-20
NEES，see New England Electric System
Postal Reorganization Act，124
Sherman Antitrust Act，78-79，82
Discretionary authority：contextual goals and constraints and，133-34；court challenges to，279-81；distribution of，372；at headquarters level，329-31；housing projects and，333-34；rules and，334-36；at street level，327-29；vulnerability to interests and，73
Federal Trade Commission（FTC），213；congressional dominance and，247-48，249-50，254-56；economists and，285；executive strategies for change at，207-8；innovation at，231；interest groups and，82-83；noncongressional government influences on，255-56；task definition at，59，60-61
Public schools，see Education；Schools；Teachers
Efficiency：constraints and，317-18，323-25；costs of，323-24；economic definition of，versus constraints，317-18；equity and，132；incentives and，321-23，349；justice and，326-27；privatization and，347-48，349-53；of public versus private agencies，315-17；task definition and，320-21
INS，see Immigration and Naturalization Service
Local law enforcement，13，352-53；see also Police officers
National Environmental Policy Act（NEPA），65，130
Tower Commission，273
Education：achievement and，9-10，22；privatization and，360-63，375；for veterans，355；see also Private schools；Schools；Teachers
Overton Park，and Supreme Court，278-79
Office for Civil Rights（OCR），66-67，246，278-79，290
Accountability：deregulation and，370；to president，276；privatization and，348，357-59；public schooling and，362-63；in public versus private institutions，316；reorganization and，267；rules and，335；in U.S.versus Great Britain，258
Operators：in coping organization，169-70；discretionary power of，70-71；involvement in innovative change and，230-32；organizational culture and，27；performance-based compensation and，144；promotion of，143；support from executive and，205；task definition and，33-48；see also Professionals；Task definition；Task performance
Money incentives，116-20，157
Waste，318-20，323-24
HEW，see U.S.Department of Health，Education，and Welfare
Fairness：as goal in procurement process，126-27；regulation proposals and，129；responsiveness and，326-27；see also Equity
Resources：annual authorizations and 243-44；coalition-building and，251-53；congressional control over，238-39，240，243-44；contir gencies for use of，197；court-ordered policy and，288-89；quality of schools and，9-10；success of German army and，4；superiority of Texas prisons and，8
FBI，see Federal Bureau of Investigation
Employees，in business versus government agencies，114-15
Aid to Families with Dependent Children（AFDC），337
Central Intelligence Agency（CIA）：counterintelligence and，101-2；covert operations at，189；creation of，259，260；defector management and，103；equity in duty assignments and，171-73；functions of director of，57；organizational cultures at，101；reconnaissance satellites and，189；task definition at，56-58
Constraints：coping organizations and，169-70；costs of，331-32；effects of，131-34；efficiency and，317-18；imposed by bureaucratic organization，260；imposed by Congress，263；increased court control and，282；military procurement and，323-25；operation of agencies and，115，366；political，35，44，120-22；procedural organizations and，164；use of surplus revenues and，116-20
Federal Trade Commission Act，59
Local government，and privatization，358-59
Arbetarskyddsverket（Sweden），296，303-4
Secretary of Health，Education，and Welfare，212-13
Fleet Marine Force，223
Welfare offices：factors in task performance at，51-53；focus on measurable outcomes at，161；influence of professional norms in，63；task definition in，63；use of rules and，337-38
Engineers，61-63
U.S.Marine Corps，220-21，245
Scholastic Aptitude Test（SAT），140
Change：judicialization of agency procedures and，283；recruitment of professionals and，64-65
Teachers：bureaucratization versus professionalization of，150-53；competency tests for，152；legislative domination and，244-45；situational imperatives in task of，39-40；see also Schools
National Academy of Sciences，80
Discipline，17，19-20，22-23
Army Corps of Engineers，65，199；interagency task forces and，190-91；leadership at，201；management system at，166；organizational mission at，98-99；programs versus projects and，190
Pork barreling，251-53
Executives：advice to，370-76；agency types and，200-2；appearances and，205；autonomy and，181-85；coexistence of cultures and，105；constituencies as source of power for，202-5；efficiency and，349-50；enforcement and，298-99；essential constraints and，372；influence on policy and，205-9；kinds of，197-200；learned vulnerabilities and，192；operators and，205；organizational culture and，95-96，370-72；organizational mission and，95-101，371；regimes centered in，311-12；rules and，344-45；strategies of，209-16；success of organization and，365；task definition and，367；turf maintenance and，28；see also Career executives
Regulation：concern for autonomy and，193-94；development of，for litigation reasons，284-85；entrepreneurial politics and，77；see also Deregulation of government
Coping agency：costs of constraints and，332；court orders and，291；legislative domination of，245，252；management of，168-71，175；marketlike arrangements and，364；presidential control and，275；type of executive in，200
Autonomy，183；achievement of，188-92；consequences of concern for，192-94；coordination of agencies and，192-93；defined，182，183n；executives and，181-85；federal personnel system and，149-50，152；innovation and，221；as organizational issue，26-27；of Postal Service，122-29；preference for，over money，179-80；presidential control and，274-75；strategies for maintenance of，28；unification of military services and，185-88；see also Turf maintenance
SAT，see Scholastic Aptitude Test
Demonstration project，see Management experiment
Centralization：of drug enforcement，267；impossibility of，276；in Latin America，309-10；president and，258-59，264，272
Paperwork，138，343，344
National Labor Relations Board（NLRB），67，78，339
“Client-serving ethic，” 100
Inefficiency，see Efficiency
Defector management，see under Central Intelligence Agency
Beliefs，see Attitudes
Office of Science and Technology，259
Federal Aviation Administration（FAA），268
Challenger disaster，see National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Police officers：chiefs and，205；discretionary authority and，41，327-28，329；factors in shooting by，53-54；legislative domination and，244-45；management system and，170-71，338；rules and，338，344；situational imperatives and，37-38；task definition for，37-38，53；task performance by，67-68；see also Local law enforcement
Governance problems，375-78
Top-down versus bottom-up perspective，11-13
San Jose，California，362
U.S.Army：acquisition of helicopters，187；Active Defense，219；Air-Land Battle，219；changes in warfighting doctrine and，218-20，222-23；guerrilla forces in，225；helicopter fleet，187；pentomic form and，218；Reorganization Objectives Army Division（ROAD），219；standard operating procedures（SOPs）in，164；unification of armed services and，185-86
Economic Policy Board（EPB），269-70
Equity：in access to courts，290；duty rotation and，171-73；versus efficiency，132；inputs and，353-54；management system and，172-73；markets and，354；privatization and，348，353-57；public schooling and，360-63；in public versus private institutions，316；rule implementation and，326；vouchers and，355-57；see also Fairness
Task：versus goal，32-34；of judge versus bureaucrat，290-92