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Board of War and Ordnance chaired by,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162
Warren as martyr of,25,31,97
Brodhead,David,115
see also specific cities and towns
Atlantic crossing of,68-9
retreat from New York advocated by,134,136-7,140-1
overconfidence in Washington's ability to defend New York of,88-90,101
Harvard University,13,26,45
Continental Congress delegates from,95,164
Royal Navy bombardment of,74-5,149-50
Whigs,6,7,37,41,180-1
Calvinism,8
in Dickinson Draft debate,92,94-6,102
Pell's Point,Battle of,168
illness and evacuation to Manhattan of,112,126,136
deserters from,135,161
Washington,Lund,152-3,157
on Long Island,54,66,101,103,104,107,109-28,map 117,134,137,145-6,163,176,183
Confederation Congress,94
Franklin,William (Benjamin's son),105
Battle of,150,152-8,162,206n41
newspapers read by,145,178
and independence,xiii,10,16,18,23-4,29,31,34,49-55,87,l62,195n2 (see also Declaration of Independence)
Quakers,8,32,53,122
Gowanus Heights,Battle of,113-15,118,130,145,158,183,202n28
at Bunker Hill,38,114,120,194n22
Reed,Col.Joseph,25,76-9,102,121,139,147,149,154,167
see also Howe,Adm.Richard;specific ships
moderates in,xiii,7-10,14,84
in French and Indian War,27,37,84-5
and Kip's Bay disaster,149-50
George I,King of England,37
Fishkill (New York),139
and defense of New York,33-4,36,46,86,102-4,107
demographic knowledge of,89-90
representation,proportional,94,105
Maryland,47,93,95,107,118
Ticonderoga,Battle of,33,37
Newport Mercury,146
Pitt,William,7,10,185
Heister,General Leopold von,116
Minutemen,158,177
Burr,Aaron,149,153
advocacy of independence in,51
British warships on,74,78,79,88-9,139,140,167
Leitch,Major Andrew,154
unrealistic optimism about success against British of,88-90,101
House of Lords,7,17,41,82
commitment to independence of,44,51-2,57,61
Inns of Court,8
British disparagement of,81
Continental Army,ix,xii,40,42,70-81,108,128-9,133,163-4,173-7,182-5,202n26,208n22
see also specific cities and towns
enlisted men of,70
tactical retreat from Long Island of,123-6,135
drafting,18,57-67,99-100,171,197n28,n29,n34
unrealistic confidence in,88-9,98,101
role in drafting of Declaration of Independence of,57-8,60,61
Continental Congress delegates from,7,16,18,52-3,57,94
Pennsylvania Packet,16,145-6
and defense of New York,40,43,46
response to New York defeats,111,127-30,150,162-5
demoralization of,134-5,146,162-3,166
Barnstable (Massachusetts),196n7
House of Commons,7,179-82
Brooklyn Heights,118-21,147,152,183
Trenton,Battle of,172
Articles of War drafted by,142
Washington in,44-5,47
Reed in,76
decision to defend,138-40
Rhode Island,28,32,94,145
Valley Forge,172,174
resolute defiance of British by,79-80
Puritans,164
at Valley Forge,172,174
Sparta,165
Catiline,13
Lee,Gen.Charles,32-4,39-41,75,109,167,168,194n22,n26,207n25
marriage of John and,13
Franklin,Benjamin,8,102,104-7,131-2,137,200n40
Reed and,25,76-7,79,121
Serle,Ambrose,69,79,112,133
Perth Amboy (New Jersey),131
evacuation of Continental Army from,156,166-70,map 169
Witherspoon,John,130
Gates,Gen.Horatio,39,80,103,107,112
(索引页码为原书页码,即本书边码)
political allegiance of farmers on,70,75-6
Germans,8,62
spying by,66,114
Cicero,13,14
councils of war convened by,73-4,122,139,147,167
Trumbull,John,61,153
Society of the Cincinnat99lib.neti,176
Romans,ancient,6,160,164
Topsfield (Massachusetts),50-1,55
Committee of Public Safety,75
King's Bridge,139,140,147,183
Greyhound (ship),66
Harbor,British prison ships in,118,207n23
independence and,5,72,140,142
slavery,20,52,96
on new political institutions after independence,16
Havana,Battle of,37
see also Hudson River;Long Island;Manhattan;Staten Island;specific cities and towns
and Canadian campaign,43,195n31
Continental Army encampments on,70
Stamp Act (1765),6
fleet commanded by,23,48,57,66,72-4 (see also Royal Navy)
Burgoyne and,103,194n20
Battle of,x-xiii,19,23,26,27,29,33-4,36-48,58,83,86,88-90,96,97,101-3,107,108,111,127-9,139-42,145,154,158,160,174(see also specific battles
Paine's contribution to,12,15
at peace conference,131-4
Rakove,Jack K.,199n1
arming of militia units on,54
London,3,19,119,133
New Rochelle (New York),168,179
smallpox epidemic in,20,57
Long Island,34,57,101,103,104,127,161
and defense of New York,40-1,72-5,112,136-40,147,174
smallpox outbreak on,85
George III,King of England,4,14,49,130,161
Putnam,Gen.Israel,113,116,119,149,152
Sullivan,James,22
Constitutional Convention,88,94
daily demands on,75-78
myth of,177
Livingston,Philip,122
property requirements to vote in,21,53
avoidance of discussions of,x,41,22-3,55
on Staten Island,69,84,108
Fort Schuyler,166
northern detachment of,80,101
Dorchester Heights,4,33
on Long Island,104,107,114-16,map 117,118-22,147
Articles of War,142
defense of,39,47,75,112,136-7,140-1,167,170,174
promotion to general of,32-3,160
British attack on,172,194n20
Minden,Battle of,35
slavery issue avoided by,20
Washington's headquarters on,80
Schuyler,General Philip,73
Continental Congress,ix,x,xii,82,101-2,106,111,150,167,171
Common Sense (Paine),11-12,15,90
Blackstone,William,6
martial law in,7
forts on,41,113,114,119,121,126
Howe's peace initiatives to,120,129-33,146
Quebec,4,37,43,44
at Throg's Neck,166-8
Hannibal,164
destruction of statue of,72
Parliament,5,6,14,21,80,92,95
on Manhattan,111,133,138-40,147-58,map 151,162,163,176,183
Delaware,47,108,118,157
militia units from,43,77,85,108,149,153
Huguenots,8
Alexander,General William,see Stirling,Lord
and Declaration of Independence,71-72
loyalists,34,38,41-2,70,130,163,202n26
invasion of New York planned by,48,108,181
Putnam at,114
Adams,Abigail (John's wife),3,18,56,108,128
American Expeditionary Force,48
evacuation from Manhattan of,166-70,map 169
loyalists in,13,52
and British victory on Long Island,111,129
Jefferson and,59,62,65
battles in,4,33 (see also Bunker Hill,Battle of)
at Trenton,172
Articles of Confederation,Dickinson Draft of,90-4,98-100,102,105
Jefferson's condemnations of,59,60,62-3
opposition to militarization of colonial conflict in,7,181,182,202n26
in British strategy,36,40,73,89,103,111,194n20
Tories,41,105,128,163-4
Summary View of the Rights of British Americans(Jefferson),59,60,62
Knowlton at,153
Continental Army and,5,27-8,40,43,46,102-3,137-45,I57-61
newspapers of,152
peace talks on,131,134,135,140,141,146,147
aristocratic background of,37
taxes,92,94,175
loyalists in,105,128,152,161
Wood,Gordon,208n22
British troops transported to Long Island from,112
Six Nations,43
Charleston (South Carolina),Battle of,48
Continental Congress (continued
pass藏书网age of,66,132
military professionalism of,70,102,108
at Pell's Point,168
strategy and tactics,72,108-12,114-15,120-1,134-6,139,162,170-3
desertion of militia from Long Island to,135
Hancock and,71,79,135,142,157,162
response to British atrocities at Bunker Hill,5
Lincoln,Abraham,64,65
on Manhattan,148,152-4,156-7
British navy,see Royal Navy
aristocratic background of,37 attitude of Continental Congress toward,92,97
Charter of,55
Scottish Highlanders,84,116,153
peace initiatives of,78,124
Jefferson,Thomas,ix,4,57-9,95-6,107,191n11,195n33
Connecticut,75,76,105
Phoenix (ship),74,78
Maine,4
at Court of St.James's,178
Howe's leadership of,see Howe,Gen.William
Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone),6
Howe,Adm.Richard,ix,xi,86,90,119-20,124,127,142,167-8,171,173,174,l82,185
proposed compromises on,9,130
British attitudes toward conduct of war by,179-85,202n26,208n21
Great Fire in,156-7
Constitution,U.S.,17
Locke,John,65
New Hampshire,28,43,91
Washington's reports to,72-3,79,86,126,135,137-8,140,142-3,156,157,161,166
New York,146,150,152,165,179,181
chevaux-de-frise,75
honor-driven behavior of,xii,121-2,138
Polybius,160
at Gowanus Heights,145-6
Scotch-Irish,8
Washington and,5,26,34,42-4,46,74,137-8,154,156,161,173-4
Dickinson compared with,8-10
oppressive policies imposed by,52,82,181
veneration of public for,34,82,106
radical faction of,13-14,58,59
military strategy of,44,75
in middle colonies,13,52
see also specific cities and towns
“American Creed,” 64
Observations on the Increase of Mankind (Franklin),90
Battle of,43,44,57,103
on Long Island,112,115,116,118
constitution of,56,106
“New Establishment,”159-60,162
Putnam,Rufus,139
desertion of,135
loyalists on,161
resistance to authority of,8-9,19,59,80,91,130,144,178
and occupation of New York,156-7
Continental Congress delegates from,7-8,18,61
“Cause,The,” x,31,54,95,97,125,146-7,171
Adams,Charles(John's son),104
General Court of,26
Franklin on,90
Fox,Charles,180-1,185
and Howe brothers' diplomatic initiatives,79-80,83
British disparagement of,69
Hawley,Joseph,87
moved from Boston to New York,19,23,28,34
Greene,Gen.Nathanael,ix,71,77,142-3,159,207n23
on Long Island,41,72,76,84,85,109,114
Civil War,93
Chase,Samuel,93-4
Yorktown,Battle of,171,174,183
Thoughts on Government (Adams),16-17
Collier,Capt.George,125,135
Peloponnesian War,164,165
and Dickinson Draft,93-95
Sullivan,General John,112-16,118,124,129-30
Kentish Guards,32
foreign policy developed by,57,98-9,102,142
Adams,John,ix,3,12-26,48,82,97,101,108,192n2
Franklin,Elizabeth (William's wife),105
Henry,Patrick,56
on British departure from Boston,4,23
Howe brothers in,37,179
on Long Island,114-16,118-21,125-9,134-6
see also specific cities and towns
in London,81-2,105
Rose (ship),74,78
Bartlett,Josiah,91
Dickinson in,8
Howe at,38,110,194n22
Virginia constitution draft by,100-1,106
Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One(Franklin),81
Malden (Massachusetts),51
Burstein,Andrew,197n31
Stirling,Lord (Gen.William Alexander),41,73,159
Germain's threat to execute,136
General Orders,66-7,72,74,85-6,112,123,126,154
Indians,43,101,see also French and Indian War
Fischer,David Hackett,208n22
and “spirit of'76,” 30-1
killing zone,68,113,148
Knowlton,Col.Thomas,153-5,159,160
supplies and ordna九_九_藏_书_网nce for,77,102
at Harlem Heights,152-4,156-8,165-6
Continental Army march to New York from Boston led by,19,23,28,30
New England Chronicle,145
Battle of,ix,x,43,46,88,107,110-18,map 117,128,130-8,141-5,149,150,163,164,168,171,176,184 (see also Brooklyn Heights;Gowanus Heights,Battle of)
Howe,Gen.William (continued
Boston,8,23,36,38,45,88,127
on women's rights,20-1
Adams,Sam,133
militia units from,43,47,85,89
Continental Congress in,see Continental Congress
Tallmadge,Major Benjamin,122,124-5
attitude of Continental Congress toward,88,92,97
North Carolina,16,141
Lexington,Battle of,3,97,132
campaign in,see Quebec
Mifflin,Gen.Thomas,122-4,203n35
Aquinas,Thomas,163
state governments and,56-7
British evacuation of,46
Bunker Hill,Battle of,10,30,86,140,152,194n26
Russia,11
troops transferred to Long Island from,114,121
Board of War and Ordnance,45,57,58,88,102,137-8,141,160,162
Washington's appointment as commander in chief of,79
Warren,Joseph,25,31,97
women's rights petition to,20-1
in French and Indian War,37
evacuation of Continental Army troops from,123-6
population of,35
restriction of British access to,41,47,75
defensive networks on,72,109
outbreak of war in,see specific battles see also specific cities and towns
Native Americans,see Indians
British occupation of,36,42,47,76,111,136,140,147,157,164
British forces on,49-50,66,68-70,72,73,81,89,108,110
British forces aided by,69,115
Paris,Treaty of,173,175,177-8,184
foreign policy of,97-100
militia units and,29-30,43,108-9,135
Fort Lee,167
New England support for,28-9
Yorktown defeat of,179,183
White Plains (New York),167-70
Howe's communications with,83-4,109-10,120,151-2
Manhattan,34,103,112,126,133,136,142,144,147-8,map 151
Miles,Samuel,115
militias,25,32,41,46,142-4,161,168,175,206n3
Jamaica Pass,114,115
Germain's orders to,38-40,111
Loring,Elizabeth (Betsy),38,48,118,207n23
Arnold,Benedict,4
slavery in,62,93-4
Canada,4,33,36,73,99,195n31
Gerry,Elbridge,89
Pennsylvania Evening Post,21
New York strategy of,27,36,38-9
Grant,General James,116,145
in exile in London,178,182
Franklin in,81-2,105
Abigail's women's rights proposal to,20-2
arrests of,47,76,195n39
Concord,Battle of,3,97,132
and Howe brothers' diplomatic initiatives,78,80-1
Siege of,3-4,26-30,33,39,48,76,110,193n12
Middle Temple (London),76
Hudson River,34,50,107,138,172,173
from New England,28-9,32,43
Sherman,Roger,57,95
Braintree (Massachusetts),127
Germain's threat to execute,136
Royal Society,82
tactical withdrawal from Long Island,123-6,129,135
Greeks,ancient,164-65
Jefferson,Martha,24,58,100,142
African Americans,20
New Jersey,75,123,162,167,184
ships ordered to assemble on,123
retreat through New Jersey of,184
occupation of New York by,140,163-5
efforts at reconciliation rejected by,10-12,15,19,54,105,128
Orpheus (ship),148
Eagle(ship),74,124,129,138
Hessians,84,89,109,111,168
and Warren's martyrdom at Bunker Hill,25
evacuation of Continental Army from Manhattan by,152,156-7,166-8,map 169,180
Continental Army troops from,143,154
Howe's rejection of tactical recommendations of,110-11,114-15,119,147,183-4
Quaker background of,32
during smallpox epidemic,57,85,86,104
World War II,99
Declaration of Independence,71-2,76,161,196n20
Lengel,Ed,208n22
French and Indian War藏书网,7,26,27,32,37,84,114,153
Lee,Richard Henry,44-5,57,100
evacuation of troops from,123-6
South Carolina,48,91,157,167
Thebes,165
Tappan Zee,74
“The Cause” and,46
foreign policy,American,57,88,92,97-100,102
lack of experience and military discipline in,29-32,70-1,73-4,77-8
discrepancy in troop strength of Continental Army and,101,108
Harlem Heights,165-7
battles on,ix,x,40-1,43,46,88,110-11,171,176,180,184 (see also Harlem Heights,Battle of;Kip's Bay,Battle of)
transport of British troops to,66
Germain,Lord George,35-40,49,136,166,182
Continental Congress delegates from,16,130
sectional split over,93-4
Stedman,Charles,184
officer corps of,31-3,113-14,134,147,203n35,207n25
Patterson,James,80
Howe,George Augustus,37
and framing of Pennsylvania constitution,106
family concerns of,57,85,86,104
peace commission sent to colonies from,45
response to New York military disasters in,126-30,134,157,165
Heath,General William,139
Staten Island garrison of,66,70,84
veterans of,as Washington's senior officers,39-40
Burgoyne,General John,39,73,89,103,194n20
at peace conference with Howe,131-4,141-2
and Long Island battles,112,126
Dickinson's support for,9
at Kip's Bay,148-9
loyalists and deserters join,41,146,161
in British Army,41,146,161
Dunmore,Lord,52,62
Tilghman,Lt.Tench,123,161
Virginia Convention,52,58,60,96,100-1
Manhattan headquarters of,40
Martin,Joseph Plumb,74,116,123,148,170,176-7
Germain's threat to execute,136
militia units comprising,4,25,28-9,43,47,77,85,89,101-3
see also slavery
Mohawk Indians,32
Fort Necessity,85
in Dickinson draft debate,92,99-102
Declaration of Independence drafted by,18,57,59-67,99,171,197n29,n34
Glover,Colonel John,123,124,166,207n25
Virginia,26,89,95
Continental Congress delegates from,57
German,11,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)
physical and psychological characteristics of,25-8,192n2
Ashby (Massachusetts),50
inoculation for,44,86,104,195n33
Black Watch regiment,153
on Long Island,109,116,map 117,118
draft of Articles of Confederation by,90-100
and independence,46-7,66,97,144
Washington,George,ix,39-43,48,71-80,103,108-14,116-29,134-44,147-54,165-8,170,173-7,194n23,202n28,208n22
arrival of British fleet at,56,57
officer corps of,32-3,183
overall strategy of,72,73,111,185,194n20
Saratoga,Battle of,174,194n20
mercenaries,35,51,84 (see also Hessians)
Continental Congress and,31-2,57,102,160-1,174-5
submarine use advocated by,75,138
Cushing,William,48
World War I,48,99
Williams,William,164
Royal Navy,34,36,49,74,81,122,124,138,148-9
dysentery from contaminated water on,85
Hooper,William,141,157
Rodney,Caesar,157
Continental Congress delegates from,58-9,94
and Dickinson Draft debate,92-3
limitation of monarchical power by,49
at Kip's Bay,149
loyalists in,13,76
Knox,Gen.Henry,33,77,141,160,164,176
Cornwallis,General Charles,39,84,115,183
Louis XVI,King of France,98
biographies of,198-9n27
British failure to trap Continental Army on,147-8,183
smallpox,20,57,85,103
independence strategy of,x-xi,xiii,12-16,22-4,51,53,55-8,65,87,192n 33 (see also Declaration of Independence)
Glorious Revolution,49
press in,178,179
Hamilton,Alexander,160
Adams and,45,46,102
governmental structure envisioned by,16-20
Fort Washington,74,75,207n23
Livingston,Robert,57
Harrison,Robert Hanson,202n2899lib•net
Adams,Nabby (John's daughter),104
Boston Siege defeat of,8-9,26,29,33,88
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer (Dickinson),8
diplomatic priorities of,78-80,84,124,129-32,134,140,146,147,152,161,170,184
Kip's Bay,Battle of,148-50,153,154,157,158,163,164,183
Franklin's friendship with,68,81-4,105
Court of St.James's,178
referendum on independence in,52-4
and Franco-American alliance,98-9,163,178
signing of,62,100
Second Treatise on Government (Locke),65
militia units from,108
Washington honored by,26
Washington,Martha,44,195n33
on Staten Island,68,81,89
British casualties at,3,35,90
Continental Congress and,140-4
family concerns of,24,58,100,104,142
George III's 1775 address to,10-11
English Civil War,49
officers in,x,32-3,76-7,102,158-60 (see also names of specific officers
and Battle of Long Island,110,114,1l8,121,126-7,147,201n2
levied by British,6,82
as British captive,124,129,146
Paine in,11,12
at Boston Siege,3-4,193n12
tactical vulnerability of,66,74-5,194n26
in Boston Siege,3-4,23,46,48
Westmoreland,Gen.William,208n21
defections of deserters and loyalists to,161-2
Percy,Gen.Hugh,125
bombardment of Manhattan by,148-50
arrival of,84,111
Tories in,163
Clinton,Gen.Henry,48,84,116,149,173
epidemic of fear and disillusionment in,162
evacuation of Continental Army from,123-4,180
resistance to,8,19,59,130,132
proportional representation,94,105
Howe,Gen.William,ix,xi,37-8,86,90,163,174,194n23,195n31,198n6
avoidance of slavery discussion by,20
British disparagement of,38,69
Morgan,Edmund,208n22
Burke,Edmund,7,10,180-1,185
Vietnam War,208n21
on Manhattan,146-9,156,157,162,165-8
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking Up Arms(Dickinson and Jefferson),59,191n11
Sandy Hook (New Jersey),84
Dickinson,John,ix,5,8-10,45,53,191n11
Maier,Pauline,195n2,196n20,197n28
Pennsylvania,54,82,166
loyalty to British Crown in,4
Industrial Revolution,70
Hancock,John,26,27,71,202n28
Adams's dedication to,13-14
Boston Tea Party,7
Paine,Thomas,11-12,15,17,21-2,35,53,90
British attitude toward,81
Massachusetts,8,9,28,37,49-52,89,94,102,123,143
Philadelphia,8,19,133,178
Washington nominated as commander in chief by,26
provisional government of,139
Deane,Silas,162
in New York campaign,43,47,54,77,85,88-9,101-3,108-9,158-9,201n2
Turtle (submarine),138
Connecticut Courant,145
submarines,75,138
MacKenzie,Capt.Frederick,161,162
slavery in,62
atrocities committed by British at,3,5
Pendleton,Edmund,60,100,101
Rutledge,Edward,91,131,133
Continental Army march from Boston to,19,23,28,30
commutation,175
Rush,Benjamin,94-5,128-30,163
Bowdoin,James,104
Continental Army in,28,29,47
mercenaries,17,30,54,63,67,82
Williamsburg (Virginia),58,60,96,100,101
marriage of Abigail and,13
British Army,89,127-9,134-6,158,166,175,183-5
Frederick II (the Great),King of Prussia,11
at Bunker Hill,3,5,38
at Kip's Bay,148,149
in Boston Siege,3-4
Throg's Neck,166-68
Hand,Colonel Edward,166
Farewell Address,99
at Boston Siege,27,28,39,46,76
constitution of,58,60,100
maps of,117,151,169
Richard Howe's friendship with,68,81-4,105
Rainbow (ship),125
newspapers in,145
Punic wars,164
France,57,97-9,163,164,172,183,184
draft of Articles of Confederation debated in,90-100
Plan of Treaties,98-9,102,142
Staten Island,34,127
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